Pilot studies have employed spatial distribution of muscle activity to multiple biomedical applications, such as isometric muscle force estimation and muscle-tendon units localization. Therefore, analyzing the spatial distribution variations of muscle activity during sustained contraction may provide an insight into control strategies of the neuromuscular system. In order to maintain constant force output, the CNS needs to modulate the MU recruitment strategies of skeletal muscle dynamically, which will directly impact on corresponding muscle activity distribution. Thus, MU recruitment strategy changes will consequently cause fluctuations in the spatial distribution of muscle activity. ![]() During motor behaviors, the MU recruitment patterns can be affected by various factors associated with motor function and muscular status such as pain, fatigue, force variability, etc. Generally, a motor unit consists of a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers with specific distribution that innervated by that neuron. The function of human daily movements are implemented through skeletal muscle contraction activating motor units (MU) under central nervous system (CNS) modulation. This finding implied that spatial reorganization of muscle activity as a regulation mechanism contribute to maintain constant force production. Furthermore, the decreased dynamical regulation ability to spatial reorganization may be prone to induce fatigue. The results suggested muscle activity reorganization in ED plays a role to maintain sustained contraction. The rising/falling periods were longer at lower force levels, while the plateau can be achieved from the initial phase for higher force output (45% maximal voluntary contraction). Moreover, the duration of these trends were found to be affected by force level. The relative normalized area (normalized to the first phase) of these regions demonstrated different changing trends as rising, plateauing, and falling over time, respectively. STMs were characterized into hot, warm, and cool regions corresponding to higher, moderate, and lower change ranges, respectively. Pixel wise analysis was utilized to extract subtracted topographic maps (STM), which exhibited inhomogeneous distribution. Nine successive topographic maps (TM) were obtained. Surface electromyography (sEMG) of extensor digitorum (ED) were recorded with a 32-channel electrode array. Nine subjects were recruited to trace constant target forces with right index finger extension. The proper technique, choice and quantity of pharmaceuticals, and appropriate follow-up are essential for effective outcomes.The study aims to explore the spatial distribution of multi-tendinous muscle modulated by central nervous system (CNS) during sustained contraction. Painful limitation of motion occurring in trigger fingers of patients with diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis also improves with injection. If complicated by pain or paresthesias, wrist ganglion cysts respond to aspiration and injection. ![]() Pain associated with de Quervain's tenosynovitis is treated effectively by therapeutic injection. For the first carpometacarpal joint, injection may be used to treat pain secondary to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Indications for carpal tunnel syndrome injection include median nerve compression resulting from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, repetitive use injury, and other traumatic injuries to the area. In this article, the injection procedures for carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain's tenosynovitis, osteoarthritis of the first carpometacarpal joint, wrist ganglion cysts, and digital flexor tenosynovitis (trigger finger) are reviewed. Joint injection of the wrist and hand region is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the family physician.
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